Circa 1109 CE, September
During the Norwegian Crusade, the Crusaders, led by Sigurd I of Norway, arrive in Lisbon, Portugal, and establish a temporary alliance with King Afonso I against the Moors.
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What Happened in September?
Battles, deaths, and monumental religious moments. Explore significant events from September that helped shape the world. Dates for earlier events may be approximate.
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The Concordat of Worms is signed on September 23, 1122, in the city of Worms, Germany, by Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, taking a significant step in separating church and state and bringing a peaceful end to a major power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.
The compromise agreement resolved the long standing Investiture Controversy conflict over the right to appoint church officials, establishing the pope having the sole right to appoint them and the emperor having the authority to grant them secular power with the symbols of secular authority, such as land and titles.
Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) issues the "Privilegium Minus," which grants Austria special privileges within the Holy Roman Empire.
Victor IV is elected by a minority of cardinals as Antipope, in opposition to Pope Alexander III on September 7, 1159, supported by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, leading to a major schism that ended when Victor's died in 1164.
The Treaty of Benevento is signed, ending the long-standing conflict between the papacy and the Kingdom of Sicily.
The Battle of Myriokephalon takes place on September 17, 1176, in Phrygia (southwestern Turkey), ending in a decisive defeat of the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Turks. The battle marked the end of the Byzantine efforts to regain control of Anatolia from the Sultanate of Rum.
Richard I, the Lionheart, was officially crowned King of England on September 3, 1189, in an extravagant ceremony at Westminster Abbey. He succeeded his father, Henry II, who had died on July 6, 1189. and Richard had already been invested as Duke of Normandy on July 20.
Richard's coronation ceremony was led by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The crown was so heavy it had to be supported by two earls during the proceedings. The ceremony excluded Jews and women, leading to a violent attack on Jewish community leaders who brought gifts. Richard spent very little of his reign in England, focusing on the Third Crusade and defending his French territories
The Treaty of Jaffa, negotiated after the battle of Jaffa, is signed between Richard the Lionheart of England and Saladin. It gained safe passage for Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem and ended the Third Crusade; marking an important point in history where a negotiated settlement was achieved between warring factions during the Crusades.
The treaty was facilitated in part, by Richard's need to return to England where his brother, John, used the king's long absence to plot against him, causing instability and division among the nobility facing high taxes.
The Massacre at Béziers takes place during the Albigensian Crusade, as Crusaders led by Simon de Montfort sack the city of Béziers, resulting in a large number of deaths.
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Golden Bull of Sicily, on September 26, 1212, in Basel, securing the hereditary royal title for Ottokar I of Bohemia and establishing Bohemia as an exceptional, autonomous kingdom within the Holy Roman Empire, exempting its rulers from most imperial obligations except for participation in councils.
The Battle of South Foreland occurs during the First Barons' War, where English naval forces defeat a French fleet off the coast of Kent.
c. 1222, September
The University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) was founded around September, 1222 by a group of students and teachers from the University of Bologna. it is the second-oldest university in Italy, as well as the fifth-world oldest University.
The Battle of the Puig takes place during the Reconquista, where forces of the Kingdom of Aragon defeat the Almohad Caliphate in Valencia, Spain.
The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt army, led by Sultan Qutuz and General Baibars, decisively defeats a Mongol force under Kitbuqa at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine on September 3, 1260, ending the perception of Mongol invincibility and halting the Mongol Empire westward expansion.
Hulagu Khan, Mongol ruler, is defeated at the Battle of Ain Jalut on September 3, 1260, in present-day Israel by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt; halting Mongol expansion into the Middle East.
The Battle of Ain Jalut takes place between the Mongol Empire led by Kitbuqa and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt led by Sultan Qutuz with his General, Baybars. It was a pivotal battle resulting in a significant defeat of the Mongol Empire, halting their expansion into the Muslim territory. The battle was fought in present-day Israel. More
Marco Polo sets off on his journey to the East, embarking in Venice on a 24-year exploration of Asia and becoming one of the most famous European explorers. The journey followed the Silk Road, traveling through what are now Iran and Afghanistan, and involved crossing deserts, mountains, and hostile territories. Marco Polo returned to Venice in 1295 to find their family and neighbors believed them to be dead.
The Battle of Stirling Bridge is fought on September 11, 1297, during the First War of Scottish Independence, where Scottish forces led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray, defeat a larger English army in a decisive victory on the River Forth.
The Treaty of Alcañices is signed between King Denis of Portugal and King Ferdinand IV of Castile signed on September 12, 1297, resolving territorial disputes and establishing the border between the two kingdoms, one of the oldest and most stable borders in Europe, often referred to as La Raya or A Raia.
The agreement also fostered an alliance between Portugal and Castile. It ended conflicts, fostered an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to decades of peace.
Pope Boniface VIII is captured by agents of King Philip IV of France on September 7,1303, leading to a conflict between the papacy and the French monarchy.