The Battle of Manzikert occurs in eastern Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), where the Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire, leading to significant territorial losses for the Byzantines and opening Anatolia to Turkish conquest.
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What Happened in September?
Battles, deaths, and monumental religious moments. Explore significant events from September that helped shape the world. Dates for earlier events may be approximate.
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c. 1096, September 1
It is believed that the University of Oxford was founded in 1096, although its exact founding date is not officially recorded; records show teaching had already begun by 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university's growth accelerated around 1167, after Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. More
The Battle of Tinchebray takes place in Normandy, France, where King Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, the Duke of Normandy, securing control over Normandy. Robert was captured and spent the rest of his life in prison, dying in Cardiff Castle at 80 years of age.
1108, c. September 15
The Treaty of Devol is signed between Bohemond I of Antioch and the Byzantine Empire, establishing Antioch as a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Alexios I Komnenos. This occurred after Bohemond was defeated in battle, and he was forced to agree to the terms, which included acknowledging Byzantine suzerainty and accepting a Greek patriarch in Antioch.
Circa 1109 CE, September
During the Norwegian Crusade, the Crusaders, led by Sigurd I of Norway, arrive in Lisbon, Portugal, and establish a temporary alliance with King Afonso I against the Moors.
The Concordat of Worms is signed on September 23, 1122, in the city of Worms, Germany, by Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, taking a significant step in separating church and state and bringing a peaceful end to a major power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire.
The compromise agreement resolved the long standing Investiture Controversy conflict over the right to appoint church officials, establishing the pope having the sole right to appoint them and the emperor having the authority to grant them secular power with the symbols of secular authority, such as land and titles.
Roger II is crowned King of Sicily, establishing the Kingdom of Sicily and becoming its first Norman ruler.
Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) issues the "Privilegium Minus," which grants Austria special privileges within the Holy Roman Empire.
1158 CE, Circa January
Vladislaus II, King of Bohemia, is crowned by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The agreement was made at Frederick's wedding in 1156, in exchange for Vladislav's participation in the Italian campaign. The coronation took place in Regensburg in January 1158, with a second ceremony following in Milan in September of that year.
The Treaty of Benevento is signed, ending the long-standing conflict between the papacy and the Kingdom of Sicily.
The Battle of Monte Porzio takes place near Rome, Italy, as forces loyal to Pope Alexander III defeat the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.
The Battle of Legnano is fought in Lombardy, Italy, where the Lombard League defeats the forces of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, resulting in a significant setback for imperial power.
Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
The Treaty of Jaffa, negotiated after the battle of Jaffa, is signed between Richard the Lionheart of England and Saladin. It gained safe passage for Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem and ended the Third Crusade; marking an important point in history where a negotiated settlement was achieved between warring factions during the Crusades.
The treaty was facilitated in part, by Richard's need to return to England where his brother, John, used the king's long absence to plot against him, causing instability and division among the nobility facing high taxes.
The Fourth Crusade sets sail from Venice to reclaim the Holy Land but eventually deviates and ends up sacking the city of Constantinople after first attacking Zadar (Present day Croatia). More
The Massacre at Béziers takes place during the Albigensian Crusade, as Crusaders led by Simon de Montfort sack the city of Béziers, resulting in a large number of deaths.
The Battle of South Foreland occurs during the First Barons' War, where English naval forces defeat a French fleet off the coast of Kent.
The Battle of the Puig takes place during the Reconquista, where forces of the Kingdom of Aragon defeat the Almohad Caliphate in Valencia, Spain.
The Battle of Legnica occurs during the Mongol invasion of Europe, resulting in a decisive Mongol victory over the Polish and German forces.
The Battle of Ain Jalut takes place between the Mongol Empire led by Kitbuqa and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt led by Sultan Qutuz with his General, Baybars. It was a pivotal battle resulting in a significant defeat of the Mongol Empire, halting their expansion into the Muslim territory. The battle was fought in present-day Israel. More