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Swing into books. Book week, November 1-7, 1964.

Bruno Munari, artist, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. View source.

Did You Know? | Kudos 365 Curiosity Series

1. Honey can remain edible for an extraordinarily long time.
Honey's low moisture content, acidity, and chemistry make it difficult for many microorganisms to grow. Properly sealed honey can remain stable for years and potentially much longer. Crystallization may change its appearance and texture, but that does not necessarily mean it has spoiled.

2. A group of flamingos is sometimes called a flamboyance.
English has accumulated some wonderfully descriptive collective nouns for animals, and flamboyance is used for a group of flamingos. With their bright plumage and habit of gathering in large colonies, the name seems unusually appropriate.

3. The Sun contains more than 99 percent of the mass in our solar system.
The planets may dominate most diagrams of the solar system, but almost all of its mass is concentrated in the Sun. Jupiter contains most of what remains, leaving Earth and the other planets as comparatively tiny contributors to the system's total mass.

4. Some seeds can remain capable of germinating for centuries.
Under unusually favorable conditions, seeds can survive remarkably long periods of dormancy. Scientists have successfully germinated ancient seeds recovered from archaeological settings, demonstrating that living plant embryos can sometimes persist for hundreds of years before growth begins again.

5. Your stomach continually renews much of its protective lining.
The stomach contains powerful acid needed for digestion, yet it normally avoids digesting itself. A mucus-rich barrier protects its tissues, while surface cells are replaced rapidly. This constantly maintained defense separates the stomach wall from the harsh chemical environment inside it.

6. There are lakes hidden beneath Antarctica's ice.
Hundreds of bodies of liquid water have been identified beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. One of the largest, Lake Vostok, lies beneath kilometers of ice. Immense pressure and geothermal heat help keep water liquid even though the surface above is one of the coldest environments on Earth.

7. The Leaning Tower of Pisa began leaning while it was still being built.
Construction began in 1173, but the tower's foundation rested on soft, unstable ground. As additional stories were constructed, one side began sinking. Builders later tried to compensate by making parts of the upper levels uneven, contributing to the tower's subtly curved appearance.

8. The dot-and-dash distress signal SOS does not officially stand for “Save Our Ship.”
SOS was adopted internationally because its Morse-code pattern—three dots, three dashes, three dots—was simple and distinctive. Phrases such as “Save Our Ship” and “Save Our Souls” were attached to the signal later as memorable interpretations; they were not the origin of the letters.

Sometimes the familiar world becomes much more interesting when we look a little closer: Explore. Discover. Learn.

Curiosity Series © 2026–Present Kudos365. All Rights Reserved. | M1.0.1 | HSR2.3.0

Zoltan Tasi on Unsplash

NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day:

Did this meteor come from that comet? Probably not. Although many meteors do originate from comets, there are thousands of comets that have visited the inner Solar System recently, and matching meteors to them can be tricky. And to be clear, the pictured comet is far behind the streaking meteor. Comet C/2025 R3 (PanSTARRS) was captured from Hautacam, France in April when the giant space iceberg sported impressive ion (blue) and dust tails. Sand-sized rocky debris that enters Earth’s atmosphere typically appears as meteors, while the colorful foreground streak here may indicate a complicated composition. This month three notable meteor showers will reach their peaks. Over the next few days, the Southern Taurids will be reaching their apex, while the Northern Taurids will top out about a week later. Both originate from Comet 2P/Encke. November is most famous for the Leonids Meteor Shower, though, which originates from Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and will reach its crescendo in about two weeks.

Photo by Eddy Metais

Tattooing: An Ancient Mark of Human Identity | The Past That Shaped Us

Tattooing can look like a distinctly modern form of personal expression, but its history reaches thousands of years into the human past. Long before electric tattoo machines and commercial studios, people were deliberately placing permanent marks into their skin.
Tattoos have identified communities, recorded accomplishments, expressed religious beliefs, marked transitions in life, indicated status, provided protection, punished outsiders, and decorated the body simply because people found the markings meaningful or beautiful. The practice did not originate in a single civilization and then spread everywhere.

Evidence suggests that forms of tattooing arose among widely separated peoples across the world. Its extraordinary persistence reveals something deeply human: for thousands of years, people have treated the body not only as something they inhabit, but also as a surface on which identity, belonging, memory, and belief can be made visible.

Evidence Preserved in Skin

Tattooing is difficult for archaeologists to trace because human skin normally disappears long before other evidence of a civilization. Tools that might have been used for tattooing can survive, but proving their purpose is difficult. Artistic representations may show body markings without revealing whether those markings were permanent tattoos, paint, scars, or something else. Occasionally, however, the human body itself survives.

One of the most famous examples is Ötzi the Iceman, whose naturally preserved body was discovered in the Alps in 1991. He lived more than 5,000 years ago and carried numerous tattoos consisting largely of short lines and crosses.
These were not elaborate pictures resembling many modern tattoos. Their placement has encouraged researchers to consider whether some may have had therapeutic, ritual, or symbolic significance, although their exact purpose remains uncertain.

Ötzi is not evidence that tattooing began in prehistoric Europe. Rather, he demonstrates something more important: deliberate tattooing was already established thousands of years ago. Other ancient tattooed remains have since revealed that the practice in different parts of the world.

A Practice With Many Beginnings

There is no known single inventor of tattooing. That makes the practice especially interesting.People separated by enormous  distances discovered that pigment inserted beneath the surface of the skin could create permanent markings. The techniques differed, as did the meanings, but the underlying idea appeared in multiple societies.

Ancient Egyptian remains provide some of the earliest well-documented examples. Tattooed mummies show that both geometric patterns and figurative designs were used. Evidence from other parts of Africa, Eurasia, the Americas, and the Pacific further demonstrates the broad geographic reach of permanent body marking.

The reasons were rarely simple. A tattoo could communicate membership in a group, personal achievement, religious devotion, social position, or life experience. In some societies, tattoos were closely connected with adulthood or important transitions. In others, they could distinguish warriors, specialists, leaders, or particular families. The body became a kind of permanent social document.

How Early Tattoos Were Made

The basic principle of tattooing has changed surprisingly little. Pigment must be introduced into the skin deeply enough that the design remains after the outer surface continually renews itself. Ancient tattooists accomplished this without modern machinery.
Depending on the culture and period, tools could include sharpened bone, stone, metal points, needles, comb-like instruments, or other implements capable of puncturing the skin. Pigments were often derived from carbon-based substances such as soot, although other materials could be used.

Some techniques involved puncturing the skin repeatedly and introducing pigment into the wounds. Others used instruments that could be tapped into the skin in rhythmic patterns. The process required considerable skill. A permanent design offered little opportunity for correction, and traditional tattooists in many societies became specialists whose knowledge included not only technique but also the cultural rules governing which designs could be applied, where they belonged, and who had the right to wear them. Tattooing could therefore be both a craft and a social institution.

Tattoos as Belonging
In societies without identification cards, passports, uniforms, or digital records, the human body could communicate information immediately. Permanent markings could show that someone belonged to a particular community. This did not mean that every tattoo functioned as a simple label. Designs could contain layers of meaning understood most fully by members of the culture that created them.
Among many Indigenous peoples, body marking became connected with ancestry, kinship, spiritual life, social responsibility, or achievement. In some traditions, receiving a tattoo was itself an important event requiring preparation, ceremony, endurance, or community participation.

The permanence mattered.

Clothing could be changed. Jewelry could be removed. A tattoo remained with its wearer. That made it unusually powerful as a symbol of belonging.

The Pacific and the Language of Tattoo

Some of the world's most elaborate tattooing traditions developed across the Pacific. Polynesian societies created sophisticated systems of body marking in which designs could communicate identity, genealogy, status, accomplishment, spirituality, and community relationships. Traditions differed greatly from island group to island group; there was never one universal Polynesian system.

European voyagers encountered these practices during Pacific exploration. The English word tattoo entered widespread European usage from a Polynesian word encountered in the Pacific, commonly associated with the Tahitian tatau. Europeans did not discover tattooing there—forms of permanent body marking had existed elsewhere for millennia—but Pacific traditions profoundly influenced the vocabulary and later Western understanding of the practice.
Sailors became especially important in carrying tattoo customs between ports.A practice deeply rooted in Indigenous Pacific cultures entered a new global phase as maritime travel connected distant societies.
 
Marks of Honor—and Marks of Control

Tattooing has not always been voluntary.. That is an essential part of its history. The same permanence that made tattoos powerful symbols of identity also made them useful to authorities seeking to mark people against their will.

In different periods and societies, permanent body marks could be used to identify enslaved people, criminals, prisoners, soldiers, or marginalized groups. The specific practices varied, but the underlying purpose was often control: the body could be marked so that a person's status followed them wherever they went.

One of the darkest modern examples occurred during the Holocaust, when the Auschwitz concentration camp complex used tattooed identification numbers for many registered prisoners. These markings were not decorative or chosen expressions of identity. They were instruments of a system that reduced imprisoned human beings to administrative numbers.Tattoo history therefore contains a profound contradiction. A permanent mark can represent personal identity and freedom, or it can be imposed to deny both. Context determines the difference.

Sailors, Soldiers, and Outsiders

In Europe and North America, tattooing became strongly associated during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries with sailors.
Maritime culture was well suited to tattooing. Sailors traveled between societies with different tattoo traditions and spent long periods within close-knit communities. Tattoos could commemorate voyages, occupations, relationships, religious beliefs, or personal experiences.
Soldiers also adopted tattoos, particularly as military service moved large numbers of people across regions and countries.

By the nineteenth century, tattooing occupied an unusual position in Western societies. It could be associated with sailors, soldiers, laborers, prisoners, performers, and other groups considered outside conventional middle-class respectability.
Yet tattooing was never confined entirely to those groups. Wealthy and socially prominent people also received tattoos, sometimes inspired by travel or fascination with other cultures.
The practice could be simultaneously fashionable and disreputable. That tension would continue well into the twentieth century.

The Tattoo Machine Changes the Craft

Tattooing became increasingly mechanized during the late nineteenth century. Electric tattoo machines allowed needles to puncture the skin rapidly and repeatedly, increasing the speed with which designs could be created. Professional tattoo shops became more established, particularly in port cities and urban centers.

The craft developed recognizable styles. Design sheets allowed customers to select popular images. Anchors, hearts, ships, patriotic emblems, religious symbols, names, animals, and military designs became familiar parts of Western tattoo culture.
Tattooing was becoming commercialized. At the same time, it retained associations with particular communities. A tattoo might reveal military service, membership, personal loyalty, rebellion, mourning, or simply a preference for decoration.

The body continued to communicate. Only the technology had changed.

From Stigma to Mainstream Culture

During much of the twentieth century, tattoos in many Western societies carried strong social stigma. They could be associated with criminality, gangs, military life, rebellious youth, or social marginality.That perception changed dramatically during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Tattooing became increasingly mainstream. Professional studios expanded, hygiene and equipment improved, artistic styles diversified, and tattooists gained recognition as skilled visual artists. The range of people receiving tattoos broadened enormously.

Modern tattoos may commemorate family members, mark recovery from illness or hardship, express cultural heritage, memorialize the dead, celebrate relationships, represent religious beliefs, display artwork, or have no meaning beyond aesthetic preference.
Some people cover much of their bodies. Others choose a single small mark known only to themselves.
The technology is modern. The impulse is ancient.

Lasting Impact

Tattooing has endured because it provides something few other forms of expression can offer: permanence carried on the body itself.
Across history, tattoos have connected individuals with communities, ancestors, occupations, beliefs, memories, and personal experiences. Their meanings have changed dramatically between cultures and eras, but the underlying ability to make identity physically visible has remained powerful.

Modern tattooing also illustrates the importance of understanding cultural context. Designs that function as decoration in one setting may possess deep ceremonial, religious, familial, or historical significance in another. As tattoo traditions have circulated globally, questions of cultural ownership, borrowing, and respect have become increasingly important.

At the same time, contemporary tattooing has become a major form of personal artistic expression. What was once associated in some societies with outsiders has become ordinary enough to appear in offices, classrooms, professional sports, entertainment, and everyday family life.

Historical Significance

The long history of tattooing challenges the idea that permanently decorating the body is a modern fashion. Humans were tattooing themselves thousands of years before written history recorded most of their lives.

The practice appeared in widely separated societies because the human body offered something universally available: a surface on which meaning could be made permanent. Sometimes that meaning was chosen. Sometimes it was imposed. Tattoos could celebrate belonging or enforce exclusion. They could express faith, status, achievement, grief, beauty, defiance, memory, or control. Their meanings changed, but tattooing endured.

Modern equipment may create designs with a precision and speed ancient tattooists could never have imagined, yet the essential act remains recognizable. Pigment enters the skin, a mark remains, and the body carries a message forward through time.
The history of tattooing is therefore not simply the history of decoration. It is part of the much larger human history of asking who we are—and choosing, or sometimes being forced, to make the answer visible.

History Series © 2026–Present Kudos365. All Rights Reserved. | M2.0.0 | HSR2.4.2

Orange-lined triggerfish (Balistapus undulatus), Red Sea, Egypt. This demersal triggerfish has a maximum body size of about 30 centimetres (12 in) and is found across the Indo-western Pacific East Africa, Red Sea and Japan, typically in coral reefs ecosystems, coral lagoons, and external reef slopes within this area. Within coral reefs, the orange-lined triggerfish are more versatile than other triggerfish species and can be found at depths up to 50 metres (160 ft), although studies have found that they prefer depths of 2 to 8 metres (6 ft 7 in to 26 ft 3 in). It's an omnivorous feeder that can, because of its strong and heavy teeth, tackle a variety of benthic prey like cnidarians, molluscs, ctenophores, crustaceans, other fish, algae, and echinoderms. This species in particular, given its broad diet and distribution, is a crucial component in coral reef ecosystems through top-down control and especially through consumption of sea-urchin.

Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. View source.

NOAA on Unsplash

NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day:

What’s causing this unusually long cloud on Mars? Known as the Arsia Mons Elongated Cloud (AMEC) and first recorded by NASA’s Viking Orbiter 2 in 1977, the strange cloud has been imaged in greater detail more recently by ESA’s robotic Mars Express spacecraft. The featured image is from 2018. The cloud forms only during spring and summer seasons and then only during morning hours. Made of water-ice, the most familiar process that causes cloud crystals to form around bits of dust would fail due to the thinness and lack of dust high in the Martian atmosphere. Leading speculation holds that dust is not involved. After the cloud forms near the volcano Arsia Mons, wind blows the cloud downstream — creating a tail that can extend over 1500 kilometers. Efforts to better understand AMECs will continue, an understanding that may bolster a more complete view of cloud formation on Earth.

Photo by ESA, DLR, FU Berlin; Processing & License: J. Cowart