Pope Innocent III excommunicates Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor on November 18. 1210. The excommunication was a result of Otto IV invading southern Italy to seize the Kingdom of Sicily, which violated papal interests and went against his earlier promises to the Church.
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What Happened in November?
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The Fourth Lateran Council, convened by Pope Innocent III, begins in Rome. on November 11, 1215. It was a significant event in the history of the Catholic Church, attended by over 400 bishops and 800 abbots.
Significant outcomes included the formal introduction of the term transubstantiation to describe the Eucharist, the mandate for annual confession and Easter communion, and the development of procedures that led to the Inquisition.
The Battle of Lincoln takes place during the First Barons' War in England, resulting in a victory for royalist forces.
Edward I of England, also known as Edward Longshanks, ascends to the throne of England on November 21 after the death of his father, Henry III. He was on a crusade at the time, when he was informed of his father's death and the throne was declared his by hereditary right in his absence. He returned to England in 1274 and was formally crowned at Westminster Abbey.
Giovanni Gaetano Orsini is elected as Pope Nicholas III.
The Statute of Rhuddlan is enacted by King Edward I, reorganizing the governance of Wales.
Pope Martin IV is elected as the 189th pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward I of England, dies on November 28, 1290, at Harby, Nottinghamshire, at age 49, after a period of illness, likely malaria. She was known as a devoted queen and for her charitable work, and support for her husband.
John Balliol is chosen as King of Scots by Edward I of England, leading to the beginning of the Scottish Wars of Independence.
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John Balliol was crowned King of Scotland on November 30, 1292, following the Great Cause to determine the rightful heir to the throne after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway.
He was inaugurated at Scone Abbey and immediately had to pay homage to King Edward I of England. His rule was difficult, as he faced opposition from Scottish nobles who disliked the Balliol family and from King Edward I, who treated Scotland as a vassal state. Balliol's reign ended after the Scots allied with France in 1295. Edward I invaded Scotland, defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar, and forced Balliol to abdicate on July 10, 1296.
The Model Parliament of England is convened by King Edward I, representing a significant step in the development of English parliamentary institutions.
Edward I of England summons Parliament, instructing on measures to raise funds for military campaigns.
Pope Boniface VIII issues the papal bull "Unam Sanctam," on November 18, 1302 one of the most extreme assertions of papal supremacy over secular authority in history. The bull declared that submission to the Roman Pontiff was "absolutely necessary for salvation" for all human creatures.
It maintained that both the spiritual and temporal authority ultimately belonged to the Church, although the Church could grant secular authority at their discretion. The bull was issued during a conflict between Boniface and King Philip IV of France over issues like clergy taxation.
The Battle of Roslin takes place during the First War of Scottish Independence, with Scottish forces led by William Wallace defeating the English.
The Battle of Morgarten occurs in Switzerland, where Swiss forces defeat the Habsburg army.
Alfonso IV becomes King of Aragon after the death of his father, James II.
King Robert the Bruce of Scotland dies, and his son, David II, succeeds him as King.
The Battle of Posada takes place between the Wallachian forces and the Hungarian Empire, leading to a Wallachian victory.
Edward III of England orders the execution of his former regent Roger Mortimer.
King Edward III of England formally establishes the Order of the Garter, one of the most prestigious orders of chivalry.