Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV for a second time on March 7, 1080, during the Investiture Controversy, after Henry defied papal authority by appointing his own bishops and even an antipope, leading to renewed conflict after an earlier reconciliation in 1077.
Henry had been previously excommunicated in February 1076 for defying Gregory's authority by appointing bishops which led to the famous Henry IV penance at Canossa and reconciliation in 1077.