Born on This Day: March 12

Irish philosopher whose idealism and writings on perception became central to modern philosophy.

English geologist and paleontologist whose work helped establish the scientific study of fossils and Earth history.

Canadian-American astronomer and mathematician whose calculations improved celestial mechanics, navigation, and timekeeping.

Italian writer and political figure whose style and public life strongly influenced modern Italian culture.

Polish-Russian dancer and choreographer whose performances and modern ballets transformed twentieth-century dance.

American novelist whose spontaneous prose and travel writing became central to the Beat movement.

American astronaut who flew in the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs and contributed to early human spaceflight.

American singer whose vocal innovation crossed jazz, pop, and rhythm and blues.