The Swiss Confederation defeats the forces of the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Dornach. More
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What Happened in July?
The Battle of Vedrosha is fought between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
The Fifth Council of the Lateran, the 18th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, is convened by Pope Julius II in Rome on July 18, 1511 to address church reforms and combat a schismatic council. It officially opened on May 10, 1512 (and continued by his successor, Pope Leo X) closing on March 16, 1517.
Christian II is crowned King of Denmark and Norway.
Atahualpa, the last Inca, is executed by Spanish conquistadors in Cajamarca, Peru. Atahualpa was initially sentenced to be burned at the stake, but this was commuted to strangulation after he agreed to be baptized. The Spanish had forced him to pay a large ransom of tons of gold and silver. Although Atahualpa produced the ransom, the Spanish went ahead and executed him anyway.
The Inca Empire, also known as Tawantinsuyu, was a vast civilization that flourished in the Andes region of South America with its capital in Cuzco, Peru. At its peak, it was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, encompassing a diverse region spanning from modern-day Ecuador to central Chile, Bolivia and a part of northwest Argentina. The Incas were known for their sophisticated infrastructure, including impressive road systems, intricate agricultural techniques and a centralized political and religious structure.
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Henry VIII marries his Fifth wife, Catherine Howard at Oatlands Palace in Surrey on the same day that Thomas Cromwell, his once all-powerful minister was executed. On August 8 , Catherine was formally acknowledged as Queen at Hampton Court Palace. Catherine was the first cousin of Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII second wife. The marriage was terminated on November 23, 1541 and Catherine was charged with adultery and she was executed on February 13, 1542. More
England and Scotland sign the Treaty of Greenwich on July1, 1543, aiming to unite the two kingdoms through the marriage of King Henry VIII's son, Edward, to Mary, Queen of Scots. The Scottish Parliament rejected the treaty in December 1543. leading to renewed conflict known as the "Rough Wooing"
Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth and final wife on July 12, 1543. She was known for her intellect and strong Protestant faith, becoming the first woman to publish an original work under her own name in England.
Catherine served as a stepmother to Henry's children, Mary and Elizabeth, and notably outlived the king. After Henry VIII's death, she married Thomas Seymour. She died in September 1548.
Abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots. After failing to quash a rebellion of Scottish peers, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle and forced to abdicate in favor of her one-year-old son. Her abdication was forced as a consequence of having taken as her third husband the man who allegedly murdered her second husband. More
The Union of Lublin treaty, uniting the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania and establishing the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is signed on July 1, 1569, lasting for over 200 years.
The treaty was signed in Lublin, Poland, at a joint assembly of Polish and Lithuanian deputies., creating one of Europe's largest countries with a shared monarch, parliament, and currency. The Union lasted for 226 years until the Commonwealth's final partition by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1795, making it one of Europe's longest-lasting unions of states.
The States-General of the Netherlands declare independence from Spain with the Act of Abjuration.
The Spanish Armada is defeated. The Spanish fleet was led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia and its purpose was to overthrow Elizabeth I, to reinstate Catholicism in England and to end England's support for the Dutch Republic to prevent attacks by English and Dutch privateers against Spanish interests in the Americas.
The English fleet was under the command of Charles Howard, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham. His second in command was Sir Francis Drake. The Spanish Armada defeat is considered one of England's greatest military achievements. More
Spanish forces defeat a fleet of English privateers on July 15, 1591 at the Battle of Gelves (Also known as the Battle of the Berlengas Islands), off the coast of Portugal, during the Anglo-Spanish War.
King James VI of Scotland is crowned as King James I of England, on July 25, 1603, at Westminster Abbey, following the death of Queen Elizabeth I on March 24, 1603. The event is known as the "Union of the Crowns". While James reigned over both, Scotland and England retained their own separate parliaments, laws, and churches.
The first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses, meets in Jamestown, Virginia on July 30,1619 with 22 elected representatives from 11 plantation. It was constituted of the Governor (Sir George Yeardley), councilors, and elected burgesses and it met for six days. It was the first, and now the oldest, continuously operating law-making body in the New World, evolving into the Virginia General Assembly.
The Battle of Adwalton Moor takes place during the English Civil War, resulting in a decisive victoy for the Parliamentarian forces.
The Battle of Plymouth takes place during the First Anglo-Dutch War, with the English fleet under Admiral Robert Blake repelling a Dutch attack on Plymouth.
King Charles II of England grants a charter establishing the Carolina Colony, named in honor of his father, Charles I.
The Siege of New Amsterdam ends when the Dutch surrender to the English, who then rename the settlement New York.
The Greenwich Observatory is completed by Sir Christopher Wren. The observatory, now named after the first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, was completed and established on the site of a former castle on July 10, 1676