Born on This Day: July 18

English scientist whose work in microscopy, elasticity, astronomy, and architecture helped establish experimental science.

English novelist whose satire and social observation became major achievements of Victorian literature.

Dutch physicist whose work on electromagnetism and transformations helped prepare the way for relativity.

South African leader whose struggle against apartheid and presidency guided a democratic transition and national reconciliation.

American astronaut and senator who became the first American to orbit Earth and later advanced science and public service.

American historian and philosopher whose concept of paradigm shifts transformed understanding of scientific change.

Russian poet whose public readings and politically engaged verse influenced postwar literature and dissent.

British entrepreneur whose Virgin companies influenced music retailing, aviation, telecommunications, and commercial spaceflight.