Born on This Day: August 31

Roman emperor whose violent and erratic rule became an enduring study of autocracy and imperial power.

Swedish confectioner whose peppermint candy business became an enduring example of women’s entrepreneurship.

Italian physician and educator whose child-centered method transformed schooling worldwide.

Dutch queen whose long reign encompassed war, occupation, and national reconstruction.

American broadcaster whose conversational style helped shape radio and early television.

American writer whose humane stories of immigrant and working-class life influenced modern literature.

American comedian whose stage, film, and television work influenced popular comedy.

Israeli-American violinist whose artistry, teaching, and disability advocacy have influenced classical music worldwide.