Born on This Day: August 1

Roman emperor whose administrative reforms, public works, and conquest of Britain significantly expanded and reorganized the empire.

French naturalist whose early evolutionary theory and classification work influenced biology and the study of invertebrates.

American explorer whose leadership and mapping during the Lewis and Clark Expedition expanded geographic knowledge of western North America.

American lawyer and poet whose words became the national anthem of the United States.

American astronomer whose comet discovery and teaching advanced science and women’s participation in higher education.

American novelist whose Moby-Dick and other works became central to world literature.

French designer whose innovations transformed women’s fashion and modern haute couture.

American writer whose books have brought chaos theory, information, and scientific history to broad audiences.