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Franz Kafka (1883 – 1924) was a Czech Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. His best known works include the short story "The Metamorphosis" and novels The Trial and The Castle.  Kafka's unfinished novels, including "The Man Who Disappeared" (also known as "Amerika" or "The Missing Person"), "The Castle," and "The Trial," were published posthumously. The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations, like those depicted in his writings.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882 - 1945) also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States, serving from 1933 until his death in 1945.  At the age of 39 in 1921, Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness that permanently paralyzed his legs. It was diagnosed as Polio although there has been some controversy that he actually had Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS ). He was left paralyzed from the waist down.
Eight years after his diagnosis, he returned to public office as governor of New York from 1929 to 1933, during which he promoted programs to combat the Great Depression. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated president Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served more than two terms. His initial two terms were centered on combating the Great Depression, while his third and fourth saw him shift his focus to America's involvement in  World War II. During his first 100 days as president, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented federal legislation directing the federal government to implement the  New Deal to combat the Great Depression. More

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821 – 1881), sometimes transliterated as Dostoyevsky, was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded by many literary critics as one of the greatest novelists in all of world literature, as many of his works are considered highly influential masterpieces. His most acclaimed novels include Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, Demons (1872), and The Brothers Karamazov.

Chauncey Mitchell Depew (1834 – 1928) was an American lawyer, businessman, attorney and politician. He served for two terms as United States Senator from New York and was well know for his wit and as an orator and after dinner speaker. He did work for Cornelius Vanderbilt, as an attorney and as president of the New York Central Railroad System. Read more  

William Orville Douglas (1898 – 1980) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States for 36 years from 1939 to 1975. Douglas was known for his strong progressive and civil libertarian views and as a strong defender of the First Amendment. Born in Maine, Minnesota, Douglas moved west with his family to California and then to Yakima, Washington after the death of his father. He chaired  the Securities and Exchange Commission before being appointed to the Supreme Court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He is the longest-serving justice in history to date.

Quote Source: Douglas delivered this message in a talk to the Authors Guild Council in New York on December 3, 1951. He received the 1951 Lauterbach Award for his defense of civil liberties at the event, according to the American Library Association. 

Mark Twain - Samuel Langhorne Clemens, known by his pen name, Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, publisher, and lecturer.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) German polymath and writer. He is widely regarded as the greatest and most influential writer in the German language. His work as a poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theater director and critic has had a profound and wide-ranging influence on Western literary, political, and philosophical thought from the late 18th century to the present day. He is known for works like "The Sorrows of Young Werther" and "Faust". More

Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, religious philosopher writer and a child prodigy. His earliest mathematical work at age 16 was on projective geometry. Later, he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of conic sections and he laid the foundation for the modern theory of probabilities and formulated what came to be known as Pascal’s principle of pressure. He also made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of vacuum. Pascal died in Paris at the age of 39. More 

Samuel Barclay Beckett (1906 – 1989) was an Irish novelist, dramatist, short story writer, theatre director, literary translator and poet. Beckett was a resident of Paris for most of his adult life and he wrote in both French and English. Beckett was a member of the French Resistance group Gloria SMH during WWII and he was awarded the Croix de Guerre. In 1961 he shared the inaugural Prix International with Jorge Luis Borges. In 1969 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. 

Mary Ann Evans (1819 - 1880) Also known by her pen name George Eliot, was one of the leading English writers of the Victorian era .
Source: George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss

“There are three ways of arriving at an opinion on any subject. The first is to believe what one is told; the second is to disbelieve it; and the third is to examine the matter for oneself. The overwhelming majority of mankind practice the first method; of the remainder, the overwhelming majority practice the second; only an infinitesimal remnant practice the third.”

Source:  Bertrand Russell, Mortals and Others, Bertrand Russell’s American Essays 1931–1935, Vol. II, Essay. 37: What to Believe, p. 454 (24 August 1931)

Jacque Fresco (1916 – 2017) was an American futurist and self-described social engineer. He left home at the age of 14 and was Self-taught, He worked in a variety of positions related to industrial design. Fresco wrote and lectured his views on sustainable cities, energy efficiency, natural-resource management, cybernetic technology, automation, and the role of science in society. He was the founder of the Venus Project a still active non-profit organization that advocates for a resource-based economy and redesigns civilization.

Image source: Maj Borg, Minttu Mäntynen, Andrea Miconi, CC BY 1.0, via Wikimedia Commons.